AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
Rising temperatures and ash from Northern Hemisphere forest fires combined to cause large-scale surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet in 2012, an echo of a similar event that occurred in 1889, a new study finds. The massive Greenland ice sheet — the second largest ice body in the world after the Antarctic ice sheet — experiences annual melting at low elevations near the coastline, but surface melt is rare in the dry snow region in its center. In July 2012, however, satellites observed for the first time surface melt across more than 97 percent of the ice sheet, generating reports that the event was almost exclusively the result of climate change. In the new report, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers analyzed an ice core from the dry snow region of the ice sheet. Their findings indicate that in both 2012 and 1889 exceptionally warm temperatures combined with black carbon sediments from Northern Hemisphere forest fires to darken the surface of the ice sheet to a critical albedo threshold, causing the large-scale melting events. Since Arctic temperatures and the frequency of forest fires are both expected to rise with climate change, large-scale melt events on the Greenland ice sheet may begin to occur almost annually by the end of century, the researchers say.
View the original article here
Showing posts with label Forest. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Forest. Show all posts
Friday, June 6, 2014
Thursday, June 5, 2014
Will Increased Food Production Devour Tropical Forest Lands?
AppId is over the quota
AppId is over the quota
by william laurance
I once stumbled out of a jungle in the Congo Basin and startled two Bantu farmers — both women — tending a small field. I spoke no Bantu and they no French, and so we just stared at each other, a little warily, until one of their toddlers wailed and we all shared a laugh.
For the Bantu, farming has changed little in 3,000 years. The women still work small farming plots made by slashing and burning the rainforest.
View Gallery
Small-scale farmers, such as these Bantu women in Gabon, have a relatively light impact on the environment.They plant crops like yams and bananas, while their men hunt or talk village politics. It’s a precarious existence, but the slash-and-burn farmers can eke out a living if their numbers are low enough and game abounds in the nearby forest. Increasingly, though, this picture is changing. The Bantu are multiplying quickly, as are many other peoples across Africa. The United Nations’ mid-range population projections for the continent are staggering, with the number of Africans expected to nearly quadruple from 1.1 billion today to 4.2 billion in 2100. Feeding that populace will be an enormous challenge, requiring, among other things, a gigantic boom in agriculture.
The world’s tropical regions will surely be the epicenter of the scramble to increase food production for a global population projected to soar from 7 billion today to 11 billion by the end of the century. The tropics are where crops grow the fastest, where land is often relatively cheap, and where food demand will surge the most. But the rapid agricultural expansion in tropical regions will have profound environmental consequences for rainforests, savannas, and other ecosystems already suffering widespread destruction.
The key question facing agricultural experts, scientists, and conservationists is whether this expansion of food production can be accomplished using a reasonably small area of the tropics, or whether
How much additional farmland will we need? That, it turns out, is a topic riddled with uncertainties. A research team led by ecologist David Tilman of the University of Minnesota extrapolated linearly into the future, assuming we’d continue farming much as we’ve done in the past. Under those conditions, they estimated, we’ll need around 1 billion hectares of additional farmland — an area the size of Canada.
However, a panel of experts at the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization produced a far sunnier estimate. They suggested that agricultural yields in developing countries could double by 2050 and that we’ll require just 120 million hectares of additional farmland by mid-century — about the size of South Africa.
Why is the second estimate so much lower? Unlike the first, it assumes agriculture will change profoundly in the coming decades — that, via a Herculean effort, we will continue the remarkable strides in farm production seen during the Green Revolution.
The adherents of this view look at small-scale farming like that practiced by the Bantu farmers and see serious inefficiency — a large gap between how much food is being produced now and what could potentially be grown using modern agrotechnology. They want to turbocharge tropical farming by bringing in investment, fertilizers, machinery, and modern crop varieties, including, potentially, GMOs. They also want to improve irrigation, transportation, and energy infrastructure, and replace small
Although they are more efficient, large-scale farms come with well-known environmental costs. Profitable, intensively farmed crops such as oil palm and soy are already expanding rapidly in the tropics, often at the expense of forests. In addition to causing outright habitat destruction, the proliferation of such crops means that human-dominated lands will become more hostile to biodiversity. Low-intensity farms that feature a variety of crops will increasingly be replaced by intensively managed monocultures.
Agricultural intensification will also mean a lot more infrastructure — more roads, railroads, hydroelectric dams, and power lines. Roads are expanding rapidly into the world’s last tropical wildernesses and are bringing with them forest colonists, hunters, gold miners, and land speculators. For instance, dozens of major new ‘growth corridors’ for roads and land development are being planned in sub-Saharan Africa. Tanzania’s central corridor will cut across the country to access gold, copper, and other minerals in central Africa. The Maputo corridor will penetrate into southern Africa for the exploitation of heavy mineral sands. Both will open vast expanses of land to colonization and farming.
Intensifying agriculture could have serious impacts on biodiversity. Large-scale farmlands are likely to create impassable barriers for many species, contributing to the corrosive effects of isolation on wildlife populations. In India, for instance, it’s been shown that tigers can move hundreds of kilometers across landscapes peppered with small-scale farms,
Which tropical regions will be most affected by the coming avalanche of land-use change? Experts see especially dramatic changes ahead for sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Agriculture will expand not only in biodiversity-rich rainforest areas such as the Congo Basin and Amazon, but also in semi-arid ecosystems such as the Pantanal of South America and the Guinea and Miombo savanna-woodlands of Africa — areas also profoundly important for nature. These drier habitats sustain some of the most densely populated wildlife communities in the world, including most of Africa’s iconic large mammals such as savanna elephants, lions, zebras, and giraffes.
In the tropics, much has already been lost to agriculture. Farming is the main reason that tropical forests across the planet have retreated over the past century from 17 million to 11 million square kilometers, with remaining forests projected to shrink by another third by 2050. Forests have been hugely diminished in many tropical regions, such as the
One key goal, I believe, is to concentrate intensive farming into areas where the native vegetation has already been largely cleared. This would allow farm yields to be increased while hopefully sparing forests and other wildlife habitats for nature conservation.
We’re a long way from achieving this, however, given the rapid and rather chaotic way that agriculture is spreading throughout the tropics. To control the burgeoning footprint of agriculture, we need more stringent and effective land-use zoning and enforcement. This must include efforts to limit road expansion into tropical forests. For this reason, my colleagues and I are currently developing a ‘global road-map’ to help guide road expansion in the future — identifying areas where roads should and should not be allowed, to maximize their benefits for agriculture while minimizing their overall environmental costs.
Our goal is to see this global road map integrated into land-use planning — especially in developing nations, which is where most new roads are being constructed. We plan to promote our scheme via a website that provides easy access to high-resolution zoning maps and alliances with others working internationally on road-planning issues. By proactively identifying
the areas where roads will cause the greatest environmental harm and generate the fewest benefits, we believe we can have a positive influence. Although large-scale agriculture will probably expand a lot, there will still be many millions of small-scale farmers in the tropics. A key goal here is to introduce principles of landscape design and agroecology to make small-scale farming more efficient — raising crop yields and sustainability while also helping them be as nature-friendly as possible.
We must also bear in mind that the 21st century will be a time of enormous change and challenges. How much land gets converted to farming, and what kinds of farming, could ultimately depend on such factors as the amount of land devoted to biofuels and the stability and price of energy supplies, which are crucial for intensive mechanized agriculture. Another wild card is the specter of future climate change and how this will affect farming and nature. And of course a key issue is whether soaring birth rates in places like sub-Saharan Africa can be brought under control through effective family planning.
To counter such uncertainties, phrases such as ‘resilience’ and ‘adaptation’ need to be at the forefront of our thinking. Our great challenge is to forge a future where peoples such as the Bantu and tropical nature can both flourish.
POSTED ON 10 Apr 2014 IN Biodiversity Business & Innovation Forests Policy & Politics Sustainability Sustainability Africa North America
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
William Laurance is a distinguished research professor and Australian Laureate at James Cook University in Cairns, Australia, and also holds the Prince Bernhard Chair in International Nature Conservation at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In earlier articles for Yale Environment 360
, he explored the role field biologists can play in deterring poachers and scientists' fight to preserve Borneo's Danum Valley.
MORE BY THIS AUTHOR
As Dairy Farms Grow Bigger,
New Concerns About Pollution
Dairy operations in the U.S. are consolidating, with ever-larger numbers of cows concentrated on single farms. In states like Wisconsin, opposition to some large operations is growing after manure spills and improper handling of waste have contaminated waterways and aquifers.
READ MORE
In the Pastures of Colombia,
Cows, Crops and Timber Coexist
As an ambitious program in Colombia demonstrates, combining grazing and agriculture with tree cultivation can coax more food from each acre, boost farmers’ incomes, restore degraded landscapes, and make farmland more resilient to climate change.
READ MORE
Wendell Berry: A Strong Voice
For Local Farming and the Land
For six decades, writer Wendell Berry has spoken out in defense of local agriculture, rural communities, and the importance of caring for the land. In an interview with Yale Environment 360, he talks about his Kentucky farm, his activism, and why he remains hopeful for the future.
READ MORE
Soil as Carbon Storehouse:
New Weapon in Climate Fight?
The degradation of soils from unsustainable agriculture and other development has released billions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere. But new research shows how effective land restoration could play a major role in sequestering CO2 and slowing climate change.
READ MORE
Growing Insects: Farmers Can
Help to Bring Back Pollinators
With a sharp decline in pollinating insects, farmers are being encouraged to grow flowering plants that can support these important insects. It’s a fledgling movement that could help restore the pollinators that are essential for world food production.
READ MORE
On the Road to Green Energy,
Germany Detours on Dirty Coal
by fred pearce
While Germany continues to expand solar and wind power, the government’s decision to phase out nuclear energy means it must now rely heavily on the dirtiest form of coal, lignite, to generate electricity. The result is that after two decades of progress, the country’s CO2 emissions are rising.
READ MORE
Brown Pelicans: A Test Case for
The U.S. Endangered Species Act
by ted williams
Brown pelicans were removed from the U.S. Endangered Species List in 2009, in what was considered a major conservation success story. But a recent crash in Pacific Coast populations of sardines, the pelican’s prime food, is posing new threats to these oddly elegant birds.
READ MORE
Why Wave Power Has Lagged
Far Behind as Energy Source
by dave levitan
Researchers have long contended that power from ocean waves could make a major contribution as a renewable energy source. But a host of challenges, including the difficulty of designing a device to capture the energy of waves, have stymied efforts to generate electricity from the sea.
READ MORE
UN Panel Looks to Renewables
As the Key to Stabilizing Climate
by fred pearce
In its latest report, the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change makes a strong case for a sharp increase in low-carbon energy production, especially solar and wind, and provides hope that this transformation can occur in time to hold off the worst impacts of global warming.
READ MORE
New Satellite Boosts Research
On Global Rainfall and Climate
by nicola jones
Although it may seem simple, measuring rainfall worldwide has proven to be a difficult job for scientists. But a recently launched satellite is set to change that, providing data that could help in understanding whether global rainfall really is increasing as the planet warms.
READ MORE
UN Climate Report Is Cautious
On Making Specific Predictions
by fred pearce
The draft of the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns that the world faces serious risks from warming and that the poor are especially vulnerable. But it avoids the kinds of specific forecasts that have sparked controversy in the past.
READ MORE
Rebuilding the Natural World:
A Shift in Ecological Restoration
by richard conniff
From forests in Queens to wetlands in China, planners and scientists are promoting a new approach that incorporates experiments into landscape restoration projects to determine what works to the long-term benefit of nature and what does not.
READ MORE
In the Pastures of Colombia,
Cows, Crops and Timber Coexist
by lisa palmer
As an ambitious program in Colombia demonstrates, combining grazing and agriculture with tree cultivation can coax more food from each acre, boost farmers’ incomes, restore degraded landscapes, and make farmland more resilient to climate change.
READ MORE
Soil as Carbon Storehouse:
New Weapon in Climate Fight?
by judith d. schwartz
The degradation of soils from unsustainable agriculture and other development has released billions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere. But new research shows how effective land restoration could play a major role in sequestering CO2 and slowing climate change.
READ MORE
Is Weird Winter Weather
Related to Climate Change?
by fred pearce
Scientists are trying to understand if the unusual weather in the Northern Hemisphere this winter — from record heat in Alaska to unprecedented flooding in Britain — is linked to climate change. One thing seems clear: Shifts in the jet stream play a key role and could become even more disruptive as the world warms.
READ MORE
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a publication of the
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies.
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Yale Environment 360 articles are now available in Spanish and Portuguese on Universia, the online educational network.
Visit the site.
The latest
from Yale
Environment 360 is now available for mobile devices at e360.yale.edu/mobile.
The Warriors of Qiugang, a Yale Environment 360 video that chronicles the story of a Chinese village’s fight against a polluting chemical plant, was nominated for a 2011 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). Watch the video.
Top Image: aerial view of Iceland. © Google & TerraMetrics.
In a Yale Environment 360 video, photographer Pete McBride documents how increasing water demands have transformed the Colorado River, the lifeblood of the arid Southwest. Watch the video.
View the original article here
AppId is over the quota
by william laurance
I once stumbled out of a jungle in the Congo Basin and startled two Bantu farmers — both women — tending a small field. I spoke no Bantu and they no French, and so we just stared at each other, a little warily, until one of their toddlers wailed and we all shared a laugh.
For the Bantu, farming has changed little in 3,000 years. The women still work small farming plots made by slashing and burning the rainforest.
View Gallery
Small-scale farmers, such as these Bantu women in Gabon, have a relatively light impact on the environment.They plant crops like yams and bananas, while their men hunt or talk village politics. It’s a precarious existence, but the slash-and-burn farmers can eke out a living if their numbers are low enough and game abounds in the nearby forest. Increasingly, though, this picture is changing. The Bantu are multiplying quickly, as are many other peoples across Africa. The United Nations’ mid-range population projections for the continent are staggering, with the number of Africans expected to nearly quadruple from 1.1 billion today to 4.2 billion in 2100. Feeding that populace will be an enormous challenge, requiring, among other things, a gigantic boom in agriculture.
The world’s tropical regions will surely be the epicenter of the scramble to increase food production for a global population projected to soar from 7 billion today to 11 billion by the end of the century. The tropics are where crops grow the fastest, where land is often relatively cheap, and where food demand will surge the most. But the rapid agricultural expansion in tropical regions will have profound environmental consequences for rainforests, savannas, and other ecosystems already suffering widespread destruction.
The key question facing agricultural experts, scientists, and conservationists is whether this expansion of food production can be accomplished using a reasonably small area of the tropics, or whether
If we farm as we’ve done in the past, we’d need an area the size of Canada of new farmland.unsustainable agricultural practices will gobble up large ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Asia. Two colleagues and I recently wrote a major review paper on the dramatic growth of tropical agriculture this century and its likely impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. It was a sobering exercise. For starters, global food demand is expected to double by 2050. That’s a daunting prospect given that we already farm an area the size of South America and graze livestock over an area the size of Africa. This rising demand is being driven not only by population growth but also by increasing meat, poultry, and dairy consumption in the world’s emerging economies.
How much additional farmland will we need? That, it turns out, is a topic riddled with uncertainties. A research team led by ecologist David Tilman of the University of Minnesota extrapolated linearly into the future, assuming we’d continue farming much as we’ve done in the past. Under those conditions, they estimated, we’ll need around 1 billion hectares of additional farmland — an area the size of Canada.
However, a panel of experts at the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization produced a far sunnier estimate. They suggested that agricultural yields in developing countries could double by 2050 and that we’ll require just 120 million hectares of additional farmland by mid-century — about the size of South Africa.
Why is the second estimate so much lower? Unlike the first, it assumes agriculture will change profoundly in the coming decades — that, via a Herculean effort, we will continue the remarkable strides in farm production seen during the Green Revolution.
The adherents of this view look at small-scale farming like that practiced by the Bantu farmers and see serious inefficiency — a large gap between how much food is being produced now and what could potentially be grown using modern agrotechnology. They want to turbocharge tropical farming by bringing in investment, fertilizers, machinery, and modern crop varieties, including, potentially, GMOs. They also want to improve irrigation, transportation, and energy infrastructure, and replace small
Low-intensity farms will increasingly be replaced by intensively managed monocultures.farms with bigger farms and agribusinesses. Forget little plots of bananas and yams — this is about vast fields of soy, oil palm, and sugarcane. Such a dramatic transformation is already happening in many tropical regions and it is probably unavoidable to a degree, because industrial-scale farms unquestionably produce more food per hectare than do small-scale farmers. But what are the implications?
Although they are more efficient, large-scale farms come with well-known environmental costs. Profitable, intensively farmed crops such as oil palm and soy are already expanding rapidly in the tropics, often at the expense of forests. In addition to causing outright habitat destruction, the proliferation of such crops means that human-dominated lands will become more hostile to biodiversity. Low-intensity farms that feature a variety of crops will increasingly be replaced by intensively managed monocultures.
Agricultural intensification will also mean a lot more infrastructure — more roads, railroads, hydroelectric dams, and power lines. Roads are expanding rapidly into the world’s last tropical wildernesses and are bringing with them forest colonists, hunters, gold miners, and land speculators. For instance, dozens of major new ‘growth corridors’ for roads and land development are being planned in sub-Saharan Africa. Tanzania’s central corridor will cut across the country to access gold, copper, and other minerals in central Africa. The Maputo corridor will penetrate into southern Africa for the exploitation of heavy mineral sands. Both will open vast expanses of land to colonization and farming.
Intensifying agriculture could have serious impacts on biodiversity. Large-scale farmlands are likely to create impassable barriers for many species, contributing to the corrosive effects of isolation on wildlife populations. In India, for instance, it’s been shown that tigers can move hundreds of kilometers across landscapes peppered with small-scale farms,
Farming is the main reason that tropical forests have retreated from 17 to 11 million square kilometers.but it’s difficult to imagine this happening if intensive, large-scale farms were to become the dominant land use there. Already, many nature reserves in the tropics are becoming isolated as expanding human populations and land uses encircle them. In a 2012 study, my colleagues and I showed that tropical forest reserves encircled by hostile, human-dominated lands suffer far more serious losses of biodiversity than do those surrounded by native vegetation. To a degree, the nature reserves act like mirrors — reflecting the biological condition and health of ecosystems around them.
Which tropical regions will be most affected by the coming avalanche of land-use change? Experts see especially dramatic changes ahead for sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Agriculture will expand not only in biodiversity-rich rainforest areas such as the Congo Basin and Amazon, but also in semi-arid ecosystems such as the Pantanal of South America and the Guinea and Miombo savanna-woodlands of Africa — areas also profoundly important for nature. These drier habitats sustain some of the most densely populated wildlife communities in the world, including most of Africa’s iconic large mammals such as savanna elephants, lions, zebras, and giraffes.
In the tropics, much has already been lost to agriculture. Farming is the main reason that tropical forests across the planet have retreated over the past century from 17 million to 11 million square kilometers, with remaining forests projected to shrink by another third by 2050. Forests have been hugely diminished in many tropical regions, such as the
Intensive farming should be concentrated in areas where vegetation has already been cleared.Brazilian Atlantic forests and the island forests of the Philippines and Madagascar, among many others. Forests in these areas persist mainly as small, isolated fragments that have been overhunted or scarred by fires or logging. There is no getting around the fact that feeding up to 11 billion people is going to have profound effects on tropical nature. What can be done to minimize the impacts?
One key goal, I believe, is to concentrate intensive farming into areas where the native vegetation has already been largely cleared. This would allow farm yields to be increased while hopefully sparing forests and other wildlife habitats for nature conservation.
We’re a long way from achieving this, however, given the rapid and rather chaotic way that agriculture is spreading throughout the tropics. To control the burgeoning footprint of agriculture, we need more stringent and effective land-use zoning and enforcement. This must include efforts to limit road expansion into tropical forests. For this reason, my colleagues and I are currently developing a ‘global road-map’ to help guide road expansion in the future — identifying areas where roads should and should not be allowed, to maximize their benefits for agriculture while minimizing their overall environmental costs.
Our goal is to see this global road map integrated into land-use planning — especially in developing nations, which is where most new roads are being constructed. We plan to promote our scheme via a website that provides easy access to high-resolution zoning maps and alliances with others working internationally on road-planning issues. By proactively identifying
the areas where roads will cause the greatest environmental harm and generate the fewest benefits, we believe we can have a positive influence. Although large-scale agriculture will probably expand a lot, there will still be many millions of small-scale farmers in the tropics. A key goal here is to introduce principles of landscape design and agroecology to make small-scale farming more efficient — raising crop yields and sustainability while also helping them be as nature-friendly as possible.
We must also bear in mind that the 21st century will be a time of enormous change and challenges. How much land gets converted to farming, and what kinds of farming, could ultimately depend on such factors as the amount of land devoted to biofuels and the stability and price of energy supplies, which are crucial for intensive mechanized agriculture. Another wild card is the specter of future climate change and how this will affect farming and nature. And of course a key issue is whether soaring birth rates in places like sub-Saharan Africa can be brought under control through effective family planning.
To counter such uncertainties, phrases such as ‘resilience’ and ‘adaptation’ need to be at the forefront of our thinking. Our great challenge is to forge a future where peoples such as the Bantu and tropical nature can both flourish.
POSTED ON 10 Apr 2014 IN Biodiversity Business & Innovation Forests Policy & Politics Sustainability Sustainability Africa North America
ABOUT THE AUTHORWilliam Laurance is a distinguished research professor and Australian Laureate at James Cook University in Cairns, Australia, and also holds the Prince Bernhard Chair in International Nature Conservation at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In earlier articles for Yale Environment 360
, he explored the role field biologists can play in deterring poachers and scientists' fight to preserve Borneo's Danum Valley.
MORE BY THIS AUTHOR
As Dairy Farms Grow Bigger,
New Concerns About Pollution
Dairy operations in the U.S. are consolidating, with ever-larger numbers of cows concentrated on single farms. In states like Wisconsin, opposition to some large operations is growing after manure spills and improper handling of waste have contaminated waterways and aquifers.
READ MORE
In the Pastures of Colombia,
Cows, Crops and Timber Coexist
As an ambitious program in Colombia demonstrates, combining grazing and agriculture with tree cultivation can coax more food from each acre, boost farmers’ incomes, restore degraded landscapes, and make farmland more resilient to climate change.
READ MORE
Wendell Berry: A Strong Voice
For Local Farming and the Land
For six decades, writer Wendell Berry has spoken out in defense of local agriculture, rural communities, and the importance of caring for the land. In an interview with Yale Environment 360, he talks about his Kentucky farm, his activism, and why he remains hopeful for the future.
READ MORE
Soil as Carbon Storehouse:
New Weapon in Climate Fight?
The degradation of soils from unsustainable agriculture and other development has released billions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere. But new research shows how effective land restoration could play a major role in sequestering CO2 and slowing climate change.
READ MORE
Growing Insects: Farmers Can
Help to Bring Back Pollinators
With a sharp decline in pollinating insects, farmers are being encouraged to grow flowering plants that can support these important insects. It’s a fledgling movement that could help restore the pollinators that are essential for world food production.
READ MORE
On the Road to Green Energy,
Germany Detours on Dirty Coal
by fred pearce
While Germany continues to expand solar and wind power, the government’s decision to phase out nuclear energy means it must now rely heavily on the dirtiest form of coal, lignite, to generate electricity. The result is that after two decades of progress, the country’s CO2 emissions are rising.
READ MORE
Brown Pelicans: A Test Case for
The U.S. Endangered Species Act
by ted williams
Brown pelicans were removed from the U.S. Endangered Species List in 2009, in what was considered a major conservation success story. But a recent crash in Pacific Coast populations of sardines, the pelican’s prime food, is posing new threats to these oddly elegant birds.
READ MORE
Why Wave Power Has Lagged
Far Behind as Energy Source
by dave levitan
Researchers have long contended that power from ocean waves could make a major contribution as a renewable energy source. But a host of challenges, including the difficulty of designing a device to capture the energy of waves, have stymied efforts to generate electricity from the sea.
READ MORE
UN Panel Looks to Renewables
As the Key to Stabilizing Climate
by fred pearce
In its latest report, the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change makes a strong case for a sharp increase in low-carbon energy production, especially solar and wind, and provides hope that this transformation can occur in time to hold off the worst impacts of global warming.
READ MORE
New Satellite Boosts Research
On Global Rainfall and Climate
by nicola jones
Although it may seem simple, measuring rainfall worldwide has proven to be a difficult job for scientists. But a recently launched satellite is set to change that, providing data that could help in understanding whether global rainfall really is increasing as the planet warms.
READ MORE
UN Climate Report Is Cautious
On Making Specific Predictions
by fred pearce
The draft of the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warns that the world faces serious risks from warming and that the poor are especially vulnerable. But it avoids the kinds of specific forecasts that have sparked controversy in the past.
READ MORE
Rebuilding the Natural World:
A Shift in Ecological Restoration
by richard conniff
From forests in Queens to wetlands in China, planners and scientists are promoting a new approach that incorporates experiments into landscape restoration projects to determine what works to the long-term benefit of nature and what does not.
READ MORE
In the Pastures of Colombia,
Cows, Crops and Timber Coexist
by lisa palmer
As an ambitious program in Colombia demonstrates, combining grazing and agriculture with tree cultivation can coax more food from each acre, boost farmers’ incomes, restore degraded landscapes, and make farmland more resilient to climate change.
READ MORE
Soil as Carbon Storehouse:
New Weapon in Climate Fight?
by judith d. schwartz
The degradation of soils from unsustainable agriculture and other development has released billions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere. But new research shows how effective land restoration could play a major role in sequestering CO2 and slowing climate change.
READ MORE
Is Weird Winter Weather
Related to Climate Change?
by fred pearce
Scientists are trying to understand if the unusual weather in the Northern Hemisphere this winter — from record heat in Alaska to unprecedented flooding in Britain — is linked to climate change. One thing seems clear: Shifts in the jet stream play a key role and could become even more disruptive as the world warms.
READ MORE
Yale Environment 360 is
a publication of the
Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies.
Twitter: YaleE360e360 on Facebook
Donate to e360
View mobile site
Bookmark
Share e360
Subscribe to our newsletter
Subscribe to our feed:
About e360Contact
Submission Guidelines
Reprints
Yale Environment 360 is sponsoring a contest to honor the best environmental videos.
Find more contest information.
Opinion
Reports
Analysis
Interviews
Forums
e360 Digest
Podcasts
Video Reports Biodiversity
Business & Innovation
Climate
Energy
Forests
Oceans
Policy & Politics
Pollution & Health
Science & Technology
Sustainability
Urbanization
Water Antarctica and the Arctic
Africa
Asia
Australia
Central & South America
Europe
Middle East
North America
Yale Environment 360 articles are now available in Spanish and Portuguese on Universia, the online educational network.
Visit the site.
The latestfrom Yale
Environment 360 is now available for mobile devices at e360.yale.edu/mobile.
The Warriors of Qiugang, a Yale Environment 360 video that chronicles the story of a Chinese village’s fight against a polluting chemical plant, was nominated for a 2011 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject). Watch the video.
Top Image: aerial view of Iceland. © Google & TerraMetrics.
In a Yale Environment 360 video, photographer Pete McBride documents how increasing water demands have transformed the Colorado River, the lifeblood of the arid Southwest. Watch the video.
View the original article here
Wednesday, May 21, 2014
Forest fires force thousands Southern California evacuated in pictures
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Southern California wildfires force thousands to evacuate – in pictures | World news | theguardian.com var guardian = {r2: {comScoreVideoEnabled: true,oasEnabled: false,dfpEnabled: true,liveEnvironment: true},page: {contentId: '/world/gallery/2014/may/14/california-wildfires-evacuate-san-diego-pictures',type: 'resource content',contentTypes : 'gallery',livePage: false ,section: 'world',zone: 'news',edition: 'UK',productionOffice: 'US',showAdverts: false,showRelated: true ,showCommercialRelated: true},user: {edition: 'uk'},capabilities: {localStorage: (function() {try {localStorage.setItem("gdn-test", "test-item");localStorage.removeItem("gdn-test");return true;} catch (e) {return false;}})()},keys: {socialOverlay: "gdn.r2.social.overlay.stop"}}; window.jQuery || document.write('var jQ = jQuery.noConflict();jQ.ajaxSetup({ cache: true }); var getCookieValue = function (cookieName) { var regexp = new RegExp(cookieName + "=([^;]*)") var cookieMatch = document.cookie.match(regexp); if (cookieMatch && cookieMatch.length > 1) { return unescape(cookieMatch[1]); } return ""; } var revSciString = (function() { var hasStorage = (function() { try { localStorage.setItem("xxx_localstorage_test", "xxx_localstorage_test"); localStorage.removeItem("xxx_localstorage_test"); return true; } catch(e) { return false; } }()); if (hasStorage && true && localStorage.getItem('rsi_segs_csv')) { return localStorage.getItem('rsi_segs_csv'); } else { return getCookieValue("rsi_segs_csv"); } }()); OAS_listpos = ''; OAS_query = 'k=usa&k=california&k=natural-disasters&k=wildfires&k=us-weather&cf=charities&pid=&ct=gallery&pt=resource_content&'; var thirdPartyReferralCookieService = new guardian.r2.ThirdPartyReferralCookieService();thirdPartyReferralCookieService.setThirdPartyReferralCookie();var communitiesSite = false;guardian.r2.resourceRoot = "http://resource.guim.co.uk/"; var pageUrl = "http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2014/may/14/california-wildfires-evacuate-san-diego-pictures";var RESOURCE_ROOT = 'http://resource.guim.co.uk/'; Turn autoplay off Turn autoplay on
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Students and teachers from Aviara Oaks Elementary and Middle Schools are evacuated to La Costa Senior Living Center in Carlsbad. Photograph: Sam Hodgson /Reuters 
Wildfire climbs a canyon toward homes Wednesday in Carlsbad. More wildfires broke out Wednesday in San Diego County threatening homes in Carlsbad and forcing the evacuations of military housing and an elementary school at Camp Pendleton as Southern California is in the grip of a heat wave. Photograph: AP 
A Firefighter puts water on a house fence during a wildfire on Wednesday. Photograph: AP 
A wildfire burns through a canyon in Carlsbad. Photograph: MIKE BLAKE/REUTERS 
A fire truck sends a powerful stream of water at a fully engulfed home as smoke rises from behind during in Carlsbad. City officials said mandatory evacuations were in progress Wednesday, and more than 11,000 notices were sent to homes and businesses. Photograph: AP 
A Firefighter puts water on a house fence during a wildfire Wednesday, May 14, 2014, in Carlsbad. Photograph: AP 
A man talks on a phone as a wildfire is seen approaching the neighbourhood in Carlsbad, California Photograph: Mike Blake /Reuters 
Jonathon Collopy, a resident of Fairbanks Ranch neighborhood, surveys the Bernardo Fire from a property across the street from his house near San Diego on Tuesday. More than 20,000 homes and other residences were being evacuated in and around San Diego on Tuesday as a fast-moving California wildfire driven by high winds blackened more than a square mile, fire and county officials said. Photograph: Sam Hodgson /Reuters 
Firefighters look on as a helicopter drops water on a wildfire in the Rancho Santa Fe neighborhood on Tuesday, in San Diego. Wildfires pushed by gusty winds chewed through canyons parched by California's drought, prompting evacuation orders for more than 20,000 homes on the outskirts of San Diego and another 1,200 homes and businesses in Santa Barbara County 250 miles to the north. Photograph: AP Share Tweet this Email Today's best video 
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Gilles Peterson on Sonzeira: Brasil Bam Bam Bam DJ discusses his new album, recorded in Rio de Janerio 
Cannes 2014: Saint-Laurent is out of fashion Our film critics review Saint-Laurent, Wild Tales and The Rover World news Wildfires ·California ·US weather ·Natural disasters and extreme weather ·United States More galleries More on this story 
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Jump to content [s]Jump to site navigation [0]Jump to search [4]Terms and conditions [8] Edition: UK US AU Your activity Email subscriptions Account details Linked services Sign out Beta About us About us, Contact us Press office Guardian Print Centre Guardian readers' editor Observer readers' editor Terms of service Privacy policy Advertising guide Digital archive Digital edition Guardian Weekly Buy Guardian and Observer photos Today's paper Main section G2 features Comment and debate Editorials, letters and corrections Obituaries Other lives Sport MediaGuardian Subscribe Subscribe News Sport Comment Culture Business Money Life & style Travel Environment Tech TV Video Dating Offers Jobs News World news Wildfires Southern California wildfires force thousands to evacuate – in picturesFirefighters in southern California have contained two wildfires but scorching temperatures and dry winds are keeping the region on alert for more blazes
California wildfires contained but region on alert Share Tweet thisEmail theguardian.com, Wednesday 14 May 2014 22.53 BST Print thisShareContact us Send to a friend Sender's name Recipient's email addressYour IP address will be logged ShareShort link for this page:http://gu.com/p/3p9v3StumbleUponredditTumblrDiggLinkedIndel.icio.usFacebookTwitter Contact us Report errors or inaccuracies: userhelp@theguardian.com Letters for publication should be sent to: letters@theguardian.comIf you need help using the site: userhelp@theguardian.comCall the main Guardian and Observer switchboard: +44 (0)20 3353 2000Advertising guideLicense/buy our content
Students and teachers from Aviara Oaks Elementary and Middle Schools are evacuated to La Costa Senior Living Center in Carlsbad. Photograph: Sam Hodgson /Reuters Wildfire climbs a canyon toward homes Wednesday in Carlsbad. More wildfires broke out Wednesday in San Diego County threatening homes in Carlsbad and forcing the evacuations of military housing and an elementary school at Camp Pendleton as Southern California is in the grip of a heat wave. Photograph: AP A Firefighter puts water on a house fence during a wildfire on Wednesday. Photograph: AP A wildfire burns through a canyon in Carlsbad. Photograph: MIKE BLAKE/REUTERS A fire truck sends a powerful stream of water at a fully engulfed home as smoke rises from behind during in Carlsbad. City officials said mandatory evacuations were in progress Wednesday, and more than 11,000 notices were sent to homes and businesses. Photograph: AP A Firefighter puts water on a house fence during a wildfire Wednesday, May 14, 2014, in Carlsbad. Photograph: AP A man talks on a phone as a wildfire is seen approaching the neighbourhood in Carlsbad, California Photograph: Mike Blake /Reuters Jonathon Collopy, a resident of Fairbanks Ranch neighborhood, surveys the Bernardo Fire from a property across the street from his house near San Diego on Tuesday. More than 20,000 homes and other residences were being evacuated in and around San Diego on Tuesday as a fast-moving California wildfire driven by high winds blackened more than a square mile, fire and county officials said. Photograph: Sam Hodgson /Reuters Firefighters look on as a helicopter drops water on a wildfire in the Rancho Santa Fe neighborhood on Tuesday, in San Diego. Wildfires pushed by gusty winds chewed through canyons parched by California's drought, prompting evacuation orders for more than 20,000 homes on the outskirts of San Diego and another 1,200 homes and businesses in Santa Barbara County 250 miles to the north. Photograph: AP Share Tweet this Email Today's best video Diego Maradona scores 'hand of God' goal, 1986 An animated brick-by-brick reconstruction of Diego Maradona's infamous goal for Argentina against England in the quarter-final of the 1986 World Cup in Mexico jQ(document).ready(function(){ jQ.ajax({ url : 'http://resource.guim.co.uk/global/static/file/discussion/5/fill-comment-counts-swimlaned.js', dataType : 'script', type : 'get', crossDomain : true, cache: true }); }); Ant and Dec 'thrilled' at winning TV Baftas Duo give their reactions to winning two gongs Gilles Peterson on Sonzeira: Brasil Bam Bam Bam DJ discusses his new album, recorded in Rio de Janerio Cannes 2014: Saint-Laurent is out of fashion Our film critics review Saint-Laurent, Wild Tales and The Rover World news Wildfires ·California ·US weather ·Natural disasters and extreme weather ·United States More galleries More on this story
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California wildfires force thousands to flee their homes in San Diego county – video
Homes continue to burn in southern California as fresh wildfires roar out of control
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